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J Am Acad Orthop Surg, Vol 13, No 3, May/June 2005, 172-185.
© 2005 the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
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Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in the Skeletally Immature Athlete

Frank S. Chen, MD, Veronica A. Diaz, MD, Mark Loebenberg, MD and Jeffrey E. Rosen, MD

Dr. Chen is Attending Physician, Sports Medicine Department, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA. Dr. Diaz is Resident, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL. Dr. Loebenberg is Consultant Surgeon, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tzrifin, Israel. Dr. Rosen is Assistant Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, and Director, Child & Adolescent Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine/Arthroscopic Surgery, NYU–Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY.

Reprint requests: Dr. Rosen, NYU–Hospital for Joint Diseases, Suite 2, 305 Second Avenue, New York, NY 10003.

The intensity of training and competition among young athletes can place them at increased risk of acute and chronic injuries, which occur in patterns unique to the skeletally immature athlete. Prompt recognition and treatment of these injuries are critical to prevent long-term functional disability and deformity. Children and adolescents participating in recreational and organized sports are particularly susceptible to a broad spectrum of shoulder and elbow injuries involving both osseous and soft-tissue structures. Understanding the relevant functional anatomy, biomechanics of throwing, and pathophysiology of injury can help the clinician manage common acute traumatic injuries, some of which may result in chronic problems. Overuse injuries occur more frequently than do acute, traumatic injuries, and early recognition, coupled with appropriate treatment or prevention, can help restore and maintain normal shoulder and elbow function.




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