JAAOS
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

J Am Acad Orthop Surg, Vol 8, No 3, May/June 2000, 141-150.
© 2000 the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Griffin, L. Y.
Right arrow Articles by Wojtys, E. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Griffin, L. Y.
Right arrow Articles by Wojtys, E. M.

Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies

Letha Y. Griffin, MD, PhD, Julie Agel, MA, ATC, Marjorie J. Albohm, MS, ATC, Elizabeth A. Arendt, MD, Randall W. Dick, MS, William E. Garrett, MD, PhD, James G. Garrick, MD, Timothy E. Hewett, PhD, Laura Huston, MS, Mary Lloyd Ireland, MD, Robert J. Johnson, MD, W. Benjamin Kibler, MD, Scott Lephart, PhD, ATC, Jack L. Lewis, PhD, Thomas N. Lindenfeld, MD, Bert R. Mandelbaum, MD, Patricia Marchak, ATC, Carol C. Teitz, MD and Edward M. Wojtys, MD

Dr. Griffin is Team Physician, Georgia State University, Atlanta, and Staff Physician, Peachtree Orthopaedic Clinic, Atlanta. Ms. Agel is Research Coordinator, Orthopaedics Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Ms. Albohm is Director, Orthopaedic Research Foundation, Orthopaedics Indianapolis, Center for Hip and Knee Surgery, Mooresville, Ind. Dr. Arendt is Associate Professor of Orthopaedics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Mr. Dick is Senior Assistant Director of Health and Safety, National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis. Dr. Garrett is Frank C. Wilson Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill. Dr. Garrick is Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of California Center for Sports Medicine, San Francisco. Dr. Hewett is Assistant Professor and Director of Applied Research, Cincinnati Sportsmedicine Research and Education Foundation, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati. Ms. Huston is Senior Research Associate, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan–MedSport, Ann Arbor. Dr. Ireland is Professor and Team Physician, Department of Orthopaedics, Eastern Kentucky University, Lexington. Dr. Johnson is Vice Chairman, Academic Affairs, and Head, Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington. Dr. Kibler is Medical Director, Lexington Sports Medicine Center, Lexington, Ky. Dr. Lephart is Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Director, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh. Dr. Lewis is Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Dr. Lindenfeld is Associate Director, Cincinnati Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, Cincinnati. Dr. Mandelbaum is Fellowship Director, Santa Monica Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Group, Santa Monica, Calif. Ms. Marchak is Research Analyst, Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Dr. Teitz is Associate Professor of Orthopaedics, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Wojtys is Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Reprint requests: Dr. Griffin, Peachtree Orthopaedic Clinic, Suite 705, 2001 Peachtree Road, Atlanta, GA 30309.

An estimated 80,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears occur annually in the United States. The highest incidence is in individuals 15 to 25 years old who participate in pivoting sports. With an estimated cost for these injuries of almost a billion dollars per year, the ability to identify risk factors and develop prevention strategies has widespread health and fiscal importance. Seventy percent of ACL injuries occur in noncontact situations. The risk factors for non-contact ACL injuries fall into four distinct categories: environmental, anatomic, hormonal, and biomechanical. Early data on existing neuromuscular training programs suggest that enhancing body control may decrease ACL injuries in women. Further investigation is needed prior to instituting prevention programs related to the other risk factors.




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
A. G. Tsai, C. A. Wijdicks, M. P. Walsh, and R. F. LaPrade
Comparative Kinematic Evaluation of All-Inside Single-Bundle and Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study
Am. J. Sports Med., February 1, 2010; 38(2): 263 - 272.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
B.-O. Lim, Y. S. Lee, J. G. Kim, K. O. An, J. Yoo, and Y. H. Kwon
Effects of Sports Injury Prevention Training on the Biomechanical Risk Factors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in High School Female Basketball Players
Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2009; 37(9): 1728 - 1734.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br. J. Sports. Med.Home page
R J Butler, K I Minick, R Ferber, and F Underwood
Gait mechanics after ACL reconstruction: implications for the early onset of knee osteoarthritis
Br. J. Sports Med., May 1, 2009; 43(5): 366 - 370.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
L. A. Donnell-Fink, J. N. Katz, E. Losina, and J. Gilchrist
Letter to the Editor
Am. J. Sports Med., April 1, 2009; 37(4): e1 - e2.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
C. H. Yeow, S. K. Rubab, P. V. S. Lee, and J. C. H. Goh
Inhibition of Anterior Tibial Translation or Axial Tibial Rotation Prevents Anterior Cruciate Ligament Failure During Impact Compression
Am. J. Sports Med., April 1, 2009; 37(4): 813 - 821.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JBJSHome page
S. K. Van de Velde, T. J. Gill, and G. Li
Evaluation of Kinematics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knees with Use of Advanced Imaging Techniques, Three-Dimensional Modeling Techniques, and Robotics
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., February 1, 2009; 91(Supplement_1): 108 - 114.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary ApproachHome page
T. A. Lentz, S. M. Tillman, P. A. Indelicato, M. W. Moser, S. Z. George, and T. L. Chmielewski
Factors Associated With Function After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, January 1, 2009; 1(1): 47 - 53.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
S. Kiriyama, H. Sato, and N. Takahira
Gender Differences in Rotation of the Shank During Single-Legged Drop Landing and Its Relation to Rotational Muscle Strength of the Knee
Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 2009; 37(1): 168 - 174.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
M. P. Hall, M. Ryzewicz, P. J. Walsh, and O. H. Sherman
Risk of Iatrogenic Injury to the Peroneal Nerve During Posterolateral Femoral Tunnel Placement in Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 2009; 37(1): 109 - 113.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
E. G. Meyer, T. G. Baumer, J. M. Slade, W. E. Smith, and R. C. Haut
Tibiofemoral Contact Pressures and Osteochondral Microtrauma During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture Due to Excessive Compressive Loading and Internal Torque of the Human Knee
Am. J. Sports Med., October 1, 2008; 36(10): 1966 - 1977.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
M. Liederbach, F. E. Dilgen, and D. J. Rose
Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries Among Elite Ballet and Modern Dancers: A 5-year Prospective Study
Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2008; 36(9): 1779 - 1788.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
J. Gilchrist, B. R. Mandelbaum, H. Melancon, G. W. Ryan, H. J. Silvers, L. Y. Griffin, D. S. Watanabe, R. W. Dick, and J. Dvorak
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Prevent Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Female Collegiate Soccer Players
Am. J. Sports Med., August 1, 2008; 36(8): 1476 - 1483.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
F. H. Fu, W. Shen, J. S. Starman, N. Okeke, and J. J. Irrgang
Primary Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Preliminary 2-Year Prospective Study
Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 2008; 36(7): 1263 - 1274.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
A. Ferretti, E. Monaco, L. Labianca, F. Conteduca, and A. De Carli
Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Computer-Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery Study
Am. J. Sports Med., April 1, 2008; 36(4): 760 - 766.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
A. Ortiz, S. Olson, C. L. Libby, E. Trudelle-Jackson, Y.-H. Kwon, B. Etnyre, and W. Bartlett
Landing Mechanics Between Noninjured Women and Women With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction During 2 Jump Tasks
Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 2008; 36(1): 149 - 157.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
S. C. Landry, K. A. McKean, C. L. Hubley-Kozey, W. D. Stanish, and K. J. Deluzio
Neuromuscular and Lower Limb Biomechanical Differences Exist Between Male and Female Elite Adolescent Soccer Players During an Unanticipated Run and Crosscut Maneuver
Am. J. Sports Med., November 1, 2007; 35(11): 1901 - 1911.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
S. C. Landry, K. A. McKean, C. L. Hubley-Kozey, W. D. Stanish, and K. J. Deluzio
Neuromuscular and Lower Limb Biomechanical Differences Exist Between Male and Female Elite Adolescent Soccer Players During an Unanticipated Side-cut Maneuver
Am. J. Sports Med., November 1, 2007; 35(11): 1888 - 1900.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
R. Kaila
Influence of Modern Studded and Bladed Soccer Boots and Sidestep Cutting on Knee Loading During Match Play Conditions
Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2007; 35(9): 1528 - 1536.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br. J. Sports. Med.Home page
A. Junge and J. Dvorak
Injuries in female football players in top-level international tournaments
Br. J. Sports Med., August 1, 2007; 41(suppl_1): i3 - i7.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
C. B. Swanik, T. Covassin, D. J. Stearne, and P. Schatz
The Relationship Between Neurocognitive Function and Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Am. J. Sports Med., June 1, 2007; 35(6): 943 - 948.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
B. F. Miller, M. Hansen, J. L. Olesen, P. Schwarz, J. A. Babraj, K. Smith, M. J. Rennie, and M. Kjaer
Tendon collagen synthesis at rest and after exercise in women
J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2007; 102(2): 541 - 546.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
T. Hewett, L. Snyder-Mackler, K. P. Spindler, F. R. Noyes, and S. D. Barber-Westin
Letters to the Editor * Authors' Response
Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 2007; 35(1): 145 - 147.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
F. A. Wentorf, K. Sudoh, C. Moses, E. A. Arendt, and C. S. Carlson
The Effects of Estrogen on Material and Mechanical Properties of the Intra- and Extra-articular Knee Structures
Am. J. Sports Med., December 1, 2006; 34(12): 1948 - 1952.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
L. Y. Griffin, M. J. Albohm, E. A. Arendt, R. Bahr, B. D. Beynnon, M. DeMaio, R. W. Dick, L. Engebretsen, W. E. Garrett Jr, J. A. Hannafin, et al.
Understanding and Preventing Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Review of the Hunt Valley II Meeting, January 2005
Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2006; 34(9): 1512 - 1532.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JBJSHome page
G. Li, J. M. Moses, R. Papannagari, N. P. Pathare, L. E. DeFrate, and T. J. Gill
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency Alters the In Vivo Motion of the Tibiofemoral Cartilage Contact Points in Both the Anteroposterior and Mediolateral Directions
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., August 1, 2006; 88(8): 1826 - 1834.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
C. E. Quatman, K. R. Ford, G. D. Myer, and T. E. Hewett
Maturation Leads to Gender Differences in Landing Force and Vertical Jump Performance: A Longitudinal Study
Am. J. Sports Med., May 1, 2006; 34(5): 806 - 813.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
B. D. Beynnon, R. J. Johnson, S. Braun, M. Sargent, I. M. Bernstein, J. M. Skelly, and P. M. Vacek
The Relationship Between Menstrual Cycle Phase and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Case-Control Study of Recreational Alpine Skiers
Am. J. Sports Med., May 1, 2006; 34(5): 757 - 764.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 TraumaHome page
P. Bennett and L. Fawcett
Trauma injuries sustained by female footballers
Trauma, April 1, 2006; 8(2): 69 - 76.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
A. Junge, G. Langevoort, A. Pipe, A. Peytavin, F. Wong, M. Mountjoy, G. Beltrami, R. Terrell, M. Holzgraefe, R. Charles, et al.
Injuries in Team Sport Tournaments During the 2004 Olympic Games
Am. J. Sports Med., April 1, 2006; 34(4): 565 - 576.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
G. D. Myer, K. R. Ford, S. G. McLean, and T. E. Hewett
The Effects of Plyometric Versus Dynamic Stabilization and Balance Training on Lower Extremity Biomechanics
Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2006; 34(3): 445 - 455.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
S. D. Barber-Westin, F. R. Noyes, and M. Galloway
Jump-Land Characteristics and Muscle Strength Development in Young Athletes: A Gender Comparison of 1140 Athletes 9 to 17 Years of Age
Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2006; 34(3): 375 - 384.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
G. A. Livesay, D. R. Reda, and E. A. Nauman
Peak Torque and Rotational Stiffness Developed at the Shoe-Surface Interface: The Effect of Shoe Type and Playing Surface
Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2006; 34(3): 415 - 422.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
T. E. Hewett, G. D. Myer, and K. R. Ford
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes: Part 1, Mechanisms and Risk Factors
Am. J. Sports Med., February 1, 2006; 34(2): 299 - 311.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
T. J. Withrow, L. J. Huston, E. M. Wojtys, and J. A. Ashton-Miller
The Relationship Between Quadriceps Muscle Force, Knee Flexion, and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strain in an In Vitro Simulated Jump Landing
Am. J. Sports Med., February 1, 2006; 34(2): 269 - 274.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
S. D. Barber-Westin, M. Galloway, F. R. Noyes, G. Corbett, and C. Walsh
Assessment of Lower Limb Neuromuscular Control in Prepubescent Athletes
Am. J. Sports Med., December 1, 2005; 33(12): 1853 - 1860.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Acad Orthop SurgHome page
J. D. Willson, C. P. Dougherty, M. L. Ireland, and I. M. Davis
Core Stability and Its Relationship to Lower Extremity Function and Injury
J. Am. Acad. Ortho. Surg., September 1, 2005; 13(5): 316 - 325.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
B. D. Beynnon, I. M. Bernstein, A. Belisle, B. Brattbakk, P. Devanny, R. Risinger, and D. Durant
The Effect of Estradiol and Progesterone on Knee and Ankle Joint Laxity
Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2005; 33(9): 1298 - 1304.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
B. Yu, S. B. McClure, J. A. Onate, K. M. Guskiewicz, D. T. Kirkendall, and W. E. Garrett
Age and Gender Effects on Lower Extremity Kinematics of Youth Soccer Players in a Stop-Jump Task
Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2005; 33(9): 1356 - 1364.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
R. M. Lovering and W. A. Romani
Effect of testosterone on the female anterior cruciate ligament
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): R15 - R22.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
B. R. Mandelbaum, H. J. Silvers, D. S. Watanabe, J. F. Knarr, S. D. Thomas, L. Y. Griffin, D. T. Kirkendall, and W. Garrett Jr
Effectiveness of a Neuromuscular and Proprioceptive Training Program in Preventing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes: 2-Year Follow-up
Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 2005; 33(7): 1003 - 1010.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br. J. Sports. Med.Home page
S G McLean, K Walker, K R Ford, G D Myer, T E Hewett, and A J van den Bogert
Evaluation of a two dimensional analysis method as a screening and evaluation tool for anterior cruciate ligament injury
Br. J. Sports Med., June 1, 2005; 39(6): 355 - 362.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Bone Joint Surg BrHome page
R. Ramesh, O. Von Arx, T. Azzopardi, and P. J. Schranz
The risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture with generalised joint laxity
J Bone Joint Surg Br, June 1, 2005; 87-B(6): 800 - 803.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
J. A. Onate, K. M. Guskiewicz, S. W. Marshall, C. Giuliani, B. Yu, and W. E. Garrett
Instruction of Jump-Landing Technique Using Videotape Feedback: Altering Lower Extremity Motion Patterns
Am. J. Sports Med., June 1, 2005; 33(6): 831 - 842.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
F. R. Noyes, S. D. Barber-Westin, C. Fleckenstein, C. Walsh, and J. West
The Drop-Jump Screening Test: Difference in Lower Limb Control By Gender and Effect of Neuromuscular Training in Female Athletes
Am. J. Sports Med., February 1, 2005; 33(2): 197 - 207.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
R. K. Flynn, C. L. Pedersen, T. B. Birmingham, A. Kirkley, D. Jackowski, and P. J. Fowler
The Familial Predisposition Toward Tearing the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Case Control Study
Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 2005; 33(1): 23 - 28.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
A. Seneviratne, E. Attia, R. J. Williams, S. A. Rodeo, and J. A. Hannafin
The Effect of Estrogen on Ovine Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fibroblasts: Cell Proliferation and Collagen Synthesis
Am. J. Sports Med., October 1, 2004; 32(7): 1613 - 1618.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
M. C. Meyers and B. S. Barnhill
Incidence, Causes, and Severity of High School Football Injuries on FieldTurf Versus Natural Grass: A 5-Year Prospective Study
Am. J. Sports Med., October 1, 2004; 32(7): 1626 - 1638.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
M. J. Belanger, D. C. Moore, J. J. Crisco III, P. D. Fadale, M. J. Hulstyn, and M. G. Ehrlich
Knee Laxity Does Not Vary With the Menstrual Cycle, Before or After Exercise
Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 2004; 32(5): 1150 - 1157.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
O.-E. Olsen, G. Myklebust, L. Engebretsen, and R. Bahr
Injury Mechanisms for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Team Handball: A Systematic Video Analysis
Am. J. Sports Med., June 1, 2004; 32(4): 1002 - 1012.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
M. R. Schulz, S. W. Marshall, J. Yang, F. O. Mueller, N. L. Weaver, and J. M. Bowling
A Prospective Cohort Study of Injury Incidence and Risk Factors in North Carolina High School Competitive Cheerleaders
Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2004; 32(2): 396 - 405.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
J. M. Uhorchak, C. R. Scoville, G. N. Williams, R. A. Arciero, P. St. Pierre, and D. C. Taylor
Risk Factors Associated with Noncontact Injury of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Prospective Four-Year Evaluation of 859 West Point Cadets
Am. J. Sports Med., November 1, 2003; 31(6): 831 - 842.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
J. L. Dragoo, R. S. Lee, P. Benhaim, G. A. M. Finerman, and S. L. Hame
Relaxin Receptors in the Human Female Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 2003; 31(4): 577 - 584.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Inj. Prev.Home page
S W Marshall and K M Guskiewicz
Sports and recreational injury: the hidden cost of a healthy lifestyle
Inj. Prev., June 1, 2003; 9(2): 100 - 102.
[Full Text]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
B. L. Zeller, J. L. McCrory, W. B. Kibler, and T. L. Uhl
Differences in Kinematics and Electromyographic Activity Between Men and Women during the Single-Legged Squat
Am. J. Sports Med., May 1, 2003; 31(3): 449 - 456.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
E. M. Wojtys, L. J. Huston, M. D. Boynton, K. P. Spindler, and T. N. Lindenfeld
The Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Women as Determined by Hormone Levels
Am. J. Sports Med., March 1, 2002; 30(2): 182 - 188.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Sports MedHome page
S. Conte, R. K. Requa, and J. G. Garrick
Disability Days in Major League Baseball
Am. J. Sports Med., July 1, 2001; 29(4): 431 - 436.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JBJSHome page
C. D. Harner
What's New in Sports Medicine?
J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., February 1, 2001; 83(2): 305 - 305.
[Full Text]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copyright © 2000 by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.