| Visually Impaired—Athletics |
| T10 |
No light perception; unable to recognize shapes |
| T11, F11 |
2/60 and/or visual field of less than 5°* |
| T12, F12 |
2/60-6/60 and visual field of more than 5° and less than 20°* |
| Amputee |
| T42 |
Single above-the-knee; combined lower and upper limb amputations; minimum disability |
| T43 |
Double below-the-knee; combined lower and upper limb amputations; normal function in throwing arm |
| T44 |
Single below-the-knee; combined lower and upper limb amputations; moderate reduced function in one or both limbs |
| T45 |
Double above-the-elbow; double below-the-knee |
| T46 |
Single above-the-elbow; single below-the-elbow; upper limb function in throwing arm |
| F40 |
Double above-the-knee; combined lower and upper limb amputations; severe problems when walking |
| F41 |
Standing athletes with no more than seventy points in the lower limbs |
| F42 |
Single above-the-knee; combined lower and upper limb amputations; normal function in throwing arm |
| F43 |
Double below-the-knee; combined lower and upper limb amputations; normal function in throwing arm |
| F44 |
Single below-the-knee; combined lower and upper limb amputations; normal function in throwing arm |
| F45 |
Double above-the-elbow; double below-the-elbow |
| F46 |
Single above-the-elbow; single below-the-elbow; upper limb function in throwing arm |
| Cerebral Palsy |
| T30 |
Severe to moderate involvement; uses one or two arms to push wheelchair; control is poor; affects both arms and legs |
| T31 |
Severe to moderate involvement; foot-propelled wheelchair push; affects both arms and legs |
| T32 |
Limited control of movements; some throwing motion |
| T32, F32 |
Full upper strength in upper extremity; propels wheelchair independently; affects both arms and legs, or same-side arm and leg |
| T33, F33 |
Good functional strength with minimal limitation or control problems in upper limbs and trunk; affects lower legs |
| T34, F34 |
May use assistive devices; slight loss of balance; affects lower legs or both legs and one arm |
| T35, F35 |
Walks or runs without assistive devices; balance and fine motor control problems |
| T36, F36 |
Good functional ability in dominant side of body; affects arm and leg on same side of body |
| T37, F37 |
Minimal involvement; could be present in lower legs, arm and leg on same side of body, or one leg, or demonstrate problems with balance |
| Wheelchair |
| T50 |
Uses palms to push wheelchair; may have shoulder weakness |
| T51 |
Pushing power comes from elbow extension |
| T52 |
Normal upper limb function; no active trunk |
| T53 |
Backwards movement of trunk; uses trunk to steer; double above-the-knee amputations |
| F50 |
No grip with nonthrowing arm; may have shoulder weakness |
| F51 |
Difficulty gripping with nonthrowing arm |
| F52 |
Nearly normal grip with nonthrowing arm |
| F53 |
No sitting balance |
| F54 |
Fair to good sitting balance |
| F55 |
Good balance and movements backward and forward; good trunk rotation |
| F56 |
Good movements backward and forward; usually to one side (side-to-side movements) |
| F57 |
Standard muscle chart of all limbs must not exceed seventy points |
| Functional—Swimming |
| S1 |
Unable to catch water; restricted range of motion; no trunk control; leg drag; assisted water start |
| S2 |
Unable to catch water; restricted range of motion; no trunk control; slight leg propulsion; unassisted water start |
| S3 |
Wrist control limited; limited arm propulsion; minimal trunk control; hips below water; water start |
| S4 |
Wrist control; arms not full fluent; minimal trunk control; hips below water; better body position |
| S5 |
Full propulsion in catch phase; limited arm movement; trunk function; leg propulsion; sit or stand starts |
| S6 |
Catch phase present; arm movement efficient; trunk control; leg propulsion; push start, sit or stand |
| S7 |
Good hands; good arms; good trunk; hips level; stand or sit dive start |
| S8 |
Hand propulsion; arm cycle good; trunk good; hips and legs level; use of start blocks |
| S9 |
Full hand propulsion; full arm propulsion; full trunk control; propulsive kick; dive start from blocks |
| S10 |
Full hand and arm propulsion; full trunk control; strong leg kick; dive start and propulsion in turns |
| Visually Impaired—Cycling, Goalball, Judo, and Swimming |
| B1 |
No light perception, unable to recognize hand shapes |
| B2 |
Visual acuity of 2/60 with less than 5° field of vision |
| B3 |
Visual acuity of 2/60–6/60 and field of vision from 5°–20° |
|
|
| * Normal field of vision is approximately 120°–180° degrees. |
| The extent of the disability is represented by an evaluation that tests function and strength of the muscle groups. Function and muscle strength are represented by point values for each class (ie, less than 70 points equals an F41 or F57 athlete). |
| From the Xth Paralympic Games Official Commemorative Program. Oakville, Ontario, Canada: Disability Today Publicity Group, 1996:79. |
| Adapted with permission from Booth DW, Grogono BJ: Athletes with a disability, in Harris M, Williams C, Stanish WD, Micheli LJ (eds): Oxford Textbook of Sports Medicine. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1998, pp 815–831. |
